. Barr SI, Chapman GE. Perceptions and practices of self-defined current vegetarian, former vegetarian, and nonvegetarian women. J Am Diet Assoc 2002;102:354-360. MEDLINE
Perry CL, McGuire MT, Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M. Adolescent vegetarians. How well do their dietary patterns meet the Healthy People 2010 objectives? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2002;156:431-437. MEDLINE
Sabate J, Ratzin-Turner RA, Brown JE. Vegetarian diets: descriptions and trends. In: Sabate J, ed. Vegetarian Nutrition Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2001:3-17.
Fraser GE. Associations between diet and cancer, ischemic heart disease, and all-cause mortality in non-Hispanic white California Seventh-day Adventists. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:532S-538S. MEDLINE
White RF, Seymour J, Frank E. Vegetarianism among US women physicians. J Am Diet Assoc 1999;99:595-598. MEDLINE
Lea E, Worsley A. The cognitive contexts of beliefs about the healthiness of meat. Public Health Nutr 2002;5:37-45. MEDLINE
The Vegetarian Resource Group. How many vegetarians are there? Available at: http://www.vrg.org/nutshell/poll2000.htm. Accessed February 10, 2003.
The Vegetarian Resource Group. How many teens are vegetarian? How many kids don't eat meat? Available at: http://www.vrg.org/journal/vj2001jan/2001janteen.htm. Accessed February 10, 2003.
National Institute of Nutrition. Tracking Nutrition Trends IV: An Update on Canadians' Nutrition-Related Attitudes, Knowledge and Actions, 2001. Available at: www.nin.ca/public_html/EN/consumer_trends.html. Accessed February 10, 2003.
Raj S, Ganganna P, Bowering J. Dietary habits of Asian Indians in relation to length of residence in the United States. J Am Diet Assoc 1999;99:1106-1108. MEDLINE
Ginsberg C, Ostrowski A. The market for vegetarian foods. Vegetarian J 2002;4:25-29.
The Vegetarian Resource Group. How many people order vegetarian foods when eating out? Available at: http://www.vrg.org/journal/vj99sep/999scientific.htm. Accessed February 10, 2003.
National Restaurant Association. Tableservice Restaurant Trends, 2001 Washington, DC: 2001.
Crosby M. College and university foodservice operations get high marks from students; 1999. Available at: http://www.restaurant.org/rusa/magArticle.cfm?ArticleID=327. Accessed February 10, 2003.
Sabate J, Duk A, Lee CL. Publication trends of vegetarian nutrition articles in biomedical literature; 1966-1995. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70(suppl):601S-607S. MEDLINE
World Cancer Research Fund/AICR. Food, Nutrition, and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective Washington, DC: AICR; 1997.
Byers T, Nestle M, McTiernan A, Doyle C, Currie-Williams A, Gansler T, Thun M. American Cancer Society 2001 Nutrition and Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. American Cancer Society guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention: Reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity. CA Cancer J Clin 2002;52:92-119. MEDLINE
Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association. AHA Dietary Guidelines Revision 2000: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association. Circulation 2000;102:2296-2311.
Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. Healthy Eating. Available at: http://ww2.heartandstroke.ca/Page.asp?PageID=33&ArticleID=551&Src=living&From=SubCategory. Accessed February 10, 2003.
Deckelbaum RJ, Fisher EA, Winston M, Kumanyika, Lauer RM, Pi-Sunyer FX, St. Jeor, S, Schaefer EJ, Weinstein IB. Summary of a scientific conference on preventive nutrition: Pediatrics to geriatrics. Circulation 1999;100:450-456. MEDLINE
Mintel International Group Limited. The Vegetarian Food Market—US Report Chicago, IL: Mintel International Group Limited; 2001.
AC Nielsen. Market Track for 1997 to 2001 New York, NY: AC Nielsen; 2001.
US Department of Agriculture. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 5th ed. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 2000.
Haddad EH. Vegetarian diets and dietary guidelines for chronic disease prevention: How meatless diets conform to current recommendations for healthy eating. In: Sabate J, ed. Vegetarian Nutrition Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2001:371-409.
Dietitians of Canada. Celebrating the pleasure of vegetarian eating. Available at: http://www.dietitians.ca/english/factsheets/e1995_02.html. Accessed February 10, 2003.
Health Canada. Nutrition for a Healthy Pregnancy: National Guidelines for the Childbearing Years Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada; 1999.
Janelle KC, Barr SI. Nutrient intakes and eating behavior scores of vegetarian and nonvegetarian women. J Am Diet Assoc 1995;95:180-189. MEDLINE
Jacob RA, Burri BJ. Oxidative damage and defense. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;63:985S-990S. MEDLINE
Messina MJ, Messina VL. The Dietitian's Guide to Vegetarian Diets: Issues and Applications Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers; 1996.
Rainey CJ, Nyquist LA, Christensen RE, Strong PL, Culver BD, Coughlin JR. Daily boron intake from the American diet. J Am Diet Assoc 1999;99:335-340. MEDLINE
Larsson CL, Johansson GK. Dietary intake and nutritional status of young vegans and omnivores in Sweden. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:100-106. MEDLINE
Young VR, Pellett PL. Plant proteins in relation to human protein and amino acid nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59:1203S-1212S. MEDLINE
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation. Protein Quality Evaluation FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 51. Rome; 1991.
Rand WM, Pellett PL, Young VR. Meta-analysis of nitrogen balance studies for estimating protein requirements in healthy adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:109-127. MEDLINE
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2002.
Messina V, Mangels AR. Considerations in planning vegan diets: Children. J Am Diet Assoc 2001;101:661-669. MEDLINE
Young VR, Fajardo L, Murray E, Rand WM, Scrimshaw NS. Protein requirements of man: Comparative nitrogen balance response within the submaintenance-to-maintenance range of intakes of wheat and beef proteins. J Nutr 1975;105:534-542. MEDLINE
Nieman DC. Physical fitness and vegetarian diets: Is there a relation? Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:570S-575S. MEDLINE
American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, the American College of Sports Medicine. Nutrition and athletic performance—Position of the American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine. J Am Diet Assoc 2000;100:1543-1556. MEDLINE
Hurrell RF, Reddy M, Cook JD. Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages. Br J Nutr 1999;81:289-295. MEDLINE
Gillooly M, Bothwell TH, Torrance JD, MacPhail AP, Derman DP, Bezwoda WR, Mills W, Charlton RW. The effects of organic acids, phytates, and polyphenols on the absorption of iron from vegetables. Br J Nutr 1983;49:331-342. MEDLINE
Hallberg L, Hulthen L. Prediction of dietary iron absorption: An algorithm for calculating absorption and bioavailability of dietary iron. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:1147-1160. MEDLINE
Sandstrom B. Micronutrient interactions: Effects on absorption and bioavailability. Br J Nutr 2001;85(suppl 2):S181-S185. MEDLINE
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2001.
Brune M, Rossander-Hulten L, Hallberg L, Gleerup A, Sandberg AS. Iron absorption from bread in humans: Inhibiting effects of cereal fiber, phytate and inositol phosphates with different numbers of phosphate groups. J Nutr 1992;122:442-449. MEDLINE
Coudray C, Bellanger J, Castiglia-Delavaud C, Remesy C, Vermorel M, Rayssignuier Y. Effect of soluble or partly soluble dietary fibres supplementation on absorption and balance of calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc in healthy young men. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997;51:375-380. MEDLINE
Backstrand JR, Allen LH, Black AK, De Mata M, Pelto GH. Diet and iron status of nonpregnant women in rural Central Mexico. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:156-164. MEDLINE
Fleming DJ, Jacques PF, Dallal GE, Tucker KL, Wilson PW, Wood RJ. Dietary determinants of iron stores in a free-living elderly population: The Framingham Heart Study. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;67:722-733. MEDLINE
Frolich W. Chelating properties of dietary fiber and phytate: The role for mineral availability: In: Furda I, Brine CJ, eds. New Developments in Dietary Fiber New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1990.
Harland BF, Morris E R. Phytate a good or bad food component. Nutr Res 1995;15:733-754.
Sandberg AS, Brune M, Carlsson NG, Hallberg L, Skoglund E, Rossander-Hulthen L. Inositol phosphates with different numbers of phosphate groups influence iron absorption in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:240-246. MEDLINE
Manary MJ, Krebs NF, Gibson RS, Broadhead RL, Hambidge KM. Community-based dietary phytate reduction and its effect on iron status in Malawian children. Ann Trop Paediatr 2002;22:133-136. MEDLINE
Bhatia A, Khetarpaul N. Development, acceptability and nutritional evaluation of “Doli Ki Roti”—an indigenously fermented bread. Nutr Health 2001;15:113-120. MEDLINE
El-Guindi M, Lynch SR, Cook JD. Iron absorption from fortified flat breads. Br J Nutr 1988;59:205-213. MEDLINE
Macfarlane BJ, van der Riet WB, Bothwell TH, Baynes RD, Siegenberg D, Schmidt U, Tol A, Taylor JRN, Mayet F. Effect of traditional Oriental soy products on iron absorption. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;51:873-880. MEDLINE
Hunt JR, Roughead ZK. Nonheme-iron absorption, fecal ferritin excretion, and blood indexes of iron status in women consuming controlled lactoovovegetarian diets for 8 wk. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:944-952. MEDLINE
Hunt JR, Roughead ZK. Adaptation of iron absorption in men consuming diets with high or low iron bioavailability. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:94-102. MEDLINE
Ball MJ, Bartlett MA. Dietary intake and iron status of Australian vegetarian women. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:353-358. MEDLINE
Alexander D, Ball MJ, Mann J. Nutrient intake and haematological status of vegetarians and age-sex matched omnivores. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994;48:538-546. MEDLINE
Donovan UM, Gibson RS. Iron and zinc status of young women aged 14 to 19 years consuming vegetarian and omnivorous diets. J Am Coll Nutr 1995;14:463-472. MEDLINE
Harman, SK, Parnell, WR The nutritional health of New Zealand vegetarian and non-vegetarian Seventh-day Adventists: Selected vitamin, mineral and lipid levels. N Z Med J 1998;111:91-94. MEDLINE
Haddad EH, Berk LS, Kettering JD, Gubbard RW, Peters WR. Dietary intake and biochemical, hematologic, and immune status of vegans compared with nonvegetarians. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:586S-593S. MEDLINE
Hunt JR, Matthys LA, Johnson LK. Zinc absorption, mineral balance, and blood lipids in women consuming controlled lactoovovegetarian and omnivorous diets for 8 weeks. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;67:421-430. MEDLINE
Ball MJ, Ackland ML. Zinc intake and status in Australian vegetarians. Br J Nutr 2000;83:27-33. MEDLINE
Gibson RS. Content and bioavailability of trace elements in vegetarian diets. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59:1223S-1232S. MEDLINE
Hunt JR. Moving toward a plant-based diet: Are iron and zinc at risk? Nutr Rev 2002;60:127-134. MEDLINE
Lei S, Mingyan X, Miller LV, Tong L, Krebs NF, Hambidge KM. Zinc absorption and intestinal losses of endogenous zinc in young Chinese women with marginal zinc intakes. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;63:348-353. MEDLINE
Gibson RS, Hotz C. Dietary diversification/modification strategies to enhance micronutrient content and bioavailability of diets in developing countries. Br J Nutr 2001;85(suppl 2):S159-S166. MEDLINE
Heaney R, Dowell M, Rafferty K, Bierman J. Bioavailability of the calcium in fortified soy imitation milk, with some observations on method. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:1166-1169. MEDLINE
Weaver C, Plawecki K. Dietary calcium: Adequacy of a vegetarian diet. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59:1238S-1241S. MEDLINE
Weaver C, Proulx W, Heaney R. Choices for achieving adequate dietary calcium with a vegetarian diet. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:543S-548S. MEDLINE
Messina V, Melina V, Mangels AR. A new food guide for North American vegetarians. J Am Diet Assoc 2003;103:771-775.
Messina V, Melina V, Mangels AR. A new food guide for North American vegetarians. Can J Diet Pract Res 2003;64(2).
Slattery ML, Jacobs DR Jr, Hilner JE, Caan BJ, Van Horn L, Bragg C, Manolio TA, Kushi LH, Liu KA. Meat consumption and its associations with other diet and health factors in young adults: The CARDIA study. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54:930-935. MEDLINE
Tesar R, Notelovitz M, Shim E, Dauwell G, Brown J. Axial and peripheral bone density and nutrient intakes of postmenopausal vegetarian and omnivorous women. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;56:699-704. MEDLINE
Remer T. Influence of diet on acid-base balance. Semin Dial 2000;13:221-226. MEDLINE
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D and Fluoride Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1997.
Heaney RP, Dowell SD, Bierman J, Hale CA, Bendich A. Absorbability and cost effectiveness in calcium supplementation. J Am Coll Nutr 2001;20:239-246. MEDLINE
Holick MF. Vitamin D and bone health. J Nutr 1996;126:1159S-1164S. MEDLINE
Lee LT, Drake WM, Kendler DL. Intake of calcium and vitamin D in 3 Canadian long-term care facilities. J Am Diet Assoc 2002;102:244-247. MEDLINE
Moloney FJ, Collins S, Murphy GM. Sunscreens: Safety, efficacy and appropriate use. Am J Clin Dermatol 2002;3:185-191. MEDLINE
Weinstock MA. Do sunscreens increase or decrease melanoma risk: An epidemiologic evaluation. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 1999;4:97-100. MEDLINE
Dagnelie PC, Vergote FJ, van Staveren WA, van den Berg H, Dingjan PG, Hautvast JG. High prevalence of rickets in infants on macrobiotic diets. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;51:202-208. MEDLINE
Parsons TJ, van Dusseldorp M, van der Vliet M, van de Werken K, Schaafsma G, van Staveren WA. Reduced bone mass in Dutch adolescents fed a macrobiotic diet in early life. J Bone Miner Res 1997;12:1486-1494. MEDLINE
Fonseca V, Agnew JE, Nag D, Dandona P. Bone density and cortical thickness in nutritional vitamin D deficiency: Effect of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Ann Clin Biochem 1988;25:271-274. MEDLINE
Trang HM, Cole DE, Rubin LA, Pierratos A, Siu S, Vieth R. Evidence that vitamin D-3 increases serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D more efficiently than does vitamin D-2. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:854-858. MEDLINE
US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 2002. USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 15. Nutrient data laboratory home page. Available at: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp. Accessed February 10, 2003.
Donaldson MS. Metabolic vitamin B12 status on a mostly raw vegan diet with follow-up using tablets, nutritional yeast, or probiotic supplements. Ann Nutr Metab 2000;44:229-234. MEDLINE
Herrmann W, Schorr H, Purschwitz K, Rassoul F, Richter V. Total homocysteine, vitamin B12, and total antioxidant status in vegetarians. Clin Chem 2001;47:1094-1101. MEDLINE
Herrmann W, Geisel J. Vegetarian lifestyle and monitoring of vitamin B-12 status. Clin Chim Acta 2002;326:47-59. MEDLINE
Luhby AL, Cooperman JM, Donnenfeld AM, Herman JM, Teller DN, Week JB. Observations on transfer of vitamin B12 from mother to fetus and newborn. Am J Dis Child 1958;96:532-533.
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1998.
Barr SI, Broughton TM. Relative weight, weight loss efforts and nutrient intakes among health-conscious vegetarian, past vegetarian and nonvegetarian women ages 18 to 50. J Am Coll Nutr 2000;19:781-788. MEDLINE
Herbert V. Staging vitamin B12 (cobalamin) status in vegetarians. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59:1213S-1222S. MEDLINE
Hokin BD, Butler T. Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B-12) status in Seventh-day Adventist ministers in Australia. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:576S-578S. MEDLINE
van het Hof KH, Brouwer IA, West CE, Haddeman E, Steegers-Theunissen RP, von Dussledorp M, Weststrate JA, Ekes TK, Hautvast JG. Bioavailability of lutein from vegetables is five times higher than that of beta carotene. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:261-268. MEDLINE
Hedren E, Diaz V, Svanberg U. Estimation of carotenoid accessibility from carrots determined by an in vitro digestion method. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002; 56:425-430. MEDLINE
Castenmiller JJ, West CE, Linssen JP, van het Hof KH, Voragen AG. The food matrix of spinach is a limiting factor in determining the bioavailability of beta carotene and to a lesser extent of lutein in humans. J Nutr 1999;129:349-355. MEDLINE
Ribaya-Mercado JD. Influence of dietary fat on beta carotene absorption and bioconversion into vitamin A. Nutr Rev 2002;60:104-110. MEDLINE
Conquer JA, Holub BJ. Supplementation with an algae source of docosahexaenoic acid increases (n-3) fatty acid status and alters selected risk factors for heart disease in vegetarian subjects. J Nutr 1996;126:3032-3039. MEDLINE
Ågren JJ, Tormala ML, Nenonen MT, Hanninen OO. Fatty acid composition of erythrocyte, platelet, and serum lipids in strict vegans. Lipids 1995;30:365-369. MEDLINE
Krajcovicova-Kudlackova M, Simoncic R, Babinska K, Bederova A. Levels of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in vegetarians. Eur J Epidemiol 1995;11:207-211. MEDLINE
Mezzano D, Munoz X, Marinez C, Cuevas A, Panes O, Aranda E, Guasch V, Strobel P, Munoz B, Rodriguez S, Pereira J, Leighton F. Vegetarians and cardiovascular risk factors: Hemostasis, inflammatory markers and plasma homocysteine. Thromb Haemost 1999;81:913-917. MEDLINE
Reddy S, Sanders TA, Obeid O. The influence of maternal vegetarian diet on essential fatty acid status of the newborn. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994;48:358-368. MEDLINE
Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation on Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases Draft. Geneva, Switzerland. Jan 28 to Feb 1, 2002. Available at: http://www.who.int/hpr/nutrition/26Aprildraftrev1.pdf. Accessed February 10, 2003.
Davis B, Kris-Etherton P. Achieving optimal essential fatty acid status in vegetarians: Current knowledge and practical implications. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78(3 Suppl):640S-646S.
Kris-Etherton PM, Taylor DS, Yu-Poth S, Huth P, Moriarty K, Fishell V, Hargrove RL, Zhao G, Etherton TD. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:179S-188S. MEDLINE
Indu, M and Ghafoorunissa. N-3 fatty acids in Indian diets—comparison of the effects of precursor (alpha-linolenic acid) vs. product (long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids). Nutr Res 1992;12:569-582.
Masters C. Omega-3 fatty acids and the peroxisome. Mol Cell Biochem 1996;165:83-93. MEDLINE
Pereira C, Li D, Sinclair AJ. The alpha-linolenic acid content of green vegetables commonly available in Australia. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2001;71:223-228. MEDLINE
Burdge GC, Jones AE, Wooton SA. Eicosapentaenoic and docosapentaenoic acids are the principal products of alpha-linolenic acid metabolism in young men. Br J Nutr 2002;88:355-363. MEDLINE
Appleby PN, Thorogood M, Mann JI, Key TJ. The Oxford Vegetarian Study: An overview. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:525S-531S. MEDLINE
Remer T, Neubert A, Manz F. Increased risk of iodine deficiency with vegetarian nutrition. Br J Nutr 1999;81:45-49. MEDLINE
Hebbelinck M, Clarys P. Physical growth and development of vegetarian children and adolescents. In: Sabate J, ed. Vegetarian Nutrition Boca Raton, Fl: CRC Press; 2001:173-193.
Mangels AR, Messina V. Considerations in planning vegan diets: infants. J Am Diet Assoc 2001;101:670-677. MEDLINE
Sanders TAB, Manning J. The growth and development of vegan children. J Hum Nutr Diet 1992;5:11-21.
Fulton JR, Hutton CW, Stitt KR. Preschool vegetarian children. J Am Diet Assoc 1980;76:360-365. MEDLINE
Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M, Resnick MD, Blum RW. Adolescent vegetarians: A behavioural profile of a school-based population in Minnesota. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1997;151:833-838. MEDLINE
Sabate J, Linsted KD, Harris RD, Johnston PK. Anthropometric parameters of school children with different life-styles. Am J Dis Child 1990;144:1159-1163. MEDLINE
Ruys J, Hickie JB. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels in Australian adolescent vegetarians. Br Med J 1976;2:87. MEDLINE
Krajcovicova-Kudlackova M, Simoncic R, Bederova A, Grancicova E, Megalova T. Influence of vegetarian and mixed nutrition on selected haematological and biochemical parameters in children. Nahrung 1997;41:311-314. MEDLINE
O'Connell JM, Dibley MJ, Sierra J, Wallace B, Marks JS, Yip R. Growth of vegetarian children. The Farm study. Pediatrics 1989;84:475-481. MEDLINE
Committee on Nutrition, American Academy of Pediatrics. Pediatric Nutrition Handbook 4th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: AAP; 1998.
Allen LH. Zinc and micronutrient supplements for children. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68(suppl):495S-498S. MEDLINE
Krebs NF. Zinc supplementation during lactation. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68(suppl):509S-512S. MEDLINE
Nathan I, Hackett AF, Kirby S. A longitudinal study of the growth of matched pairs of vegetarian and omnivorous children, aged 7-11 years, in the north-west of England. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997;51:20-25. MEDLINE
van Dusseldorp M, Arts ICW, Bergsma JS, De Jong N, Dagnelie PC, Van Staveren WA. Catch-up growth in children fed a macrobiotic diet in early childhood. J Nutr 1996;126:2977-2983. MEDLINE
Nathan I, Hackett AF, Kirby S. The dietary intake of a group of vegetarian children aged 7-11 years compared with matched omnivores. Br J Nutr 1996;75:533-544. MEDLINE
Millward DJ. The nutritional value of plant-based diets in relation to human amino acid and protein requirements. Proc Nutr Soc 1999;58:249-260. MEDLINE
Mangels AR. Nutrition management of the vegetarian child. In: Nevin-Folino N, ed. Pediatric Manual of Clinical Dietetics, 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: American Dietetic Association, 2003.
Sabate J, Linsted KD, Harris RD, Sanchez A. Attained height of lacto-ovo-vegetarian children and adolescents. Eur J Clin Nutr 1991;45:51-58. MEDLINE
Sanchez A, Kissinger DG, Phillips RI. A hypothesis on the etiological role of diet on age of menarch. Med Hypotheses 1981;7:1339-1345. MEDLINE
Kissinger DG, Sanchez A. The association of dietary factors with the age of menarche. Nutr Res 1987;7:471-479.
Barr SI. Women's reproductive function. In: Sabate J, ed. Vegetarian Nutrition Boca Raton, Fl: CRC Press; 2001:221-249.
Hebbelinck M, Clarys P, De Malsche A. Growth, development, and physical fitness of Flemish vegetarian children, adolescents, and young adults. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70(suppl):579S-585S. MEDLINE
van Lenthe FJ, Kemper HCG, van Mechelen W. Rapid maturation in adolescence results in greater obesity in adulthood: The Amsterdam Growth and Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;64:18-24. MEDLINE
Berkey CS, Frazier AL, Gardner JD, Colditz GA. Adolescence and breast carcinoma risk. Cancer 1999;85:2400-2409. MEDLINE
O'Connor AM, Touyz WS, Dunn SM, Beumont PJ. Vegetarianism in anorexia nervosa? A review of 116 consecutive cases. Med J Aust 1987;147:540-542. MEDLINE
Perry CL, McGuire MT, Newmark-Sztainer D, Story M. Characteristics of vegetarian adolescents in a multiethnic urban population. J Adolesc Health 2001;29:406-416. MEDLINE
Martins Y, Pliner P, O'Connor R. Restrained eating among vegetarians: Does a vegetarian eating style mask concerns about weight? Appetite 1999;32:145-154. MEDLINE
Barr SI. Vegetarianism and menstrual cycle disturbances: Is there an association? Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70(suppl):549S-554S. MEDLINE
Drake R, Reddy S, Davies J. Nutrient intake during pregnancy and pregnancy outcome of lacto-ovo-vegetarians, fish-eaters and non-vegetarians. Veg Nutr 1998;2:45-52.
Lakin V, Haggarty P, Abramovich DR. Dietary intake and tissue concentrations of fatty acids in omnivore, vegetarian, and diabetic pregnancy. Prost Leuk Ess Fatty Acids 1998;58:209-220.
Sanders TAB, Reddy S. The influence of a vegetarian diet on the fatty acid composition of human milk and the essential fatty acid status of the infant. J Pediatr 1992;120:S71-S77. MEDLINE
Hornstra G. Essential fatty acids in mothers and their neonates. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71(suppl):1262S-1269S. MEDLINE
Marsh AG, Christiansen DK, Sanchez TV, Mickelsen O, Chaffee FL. Nutrient similarities and differences of older lacto-ovo-vegetarian and omnivorous women. Nutr Rep Int 1989;39:19-24.
Brants HAM, Lowik MRH, Westenbrink S, Hulshof KFAM, Kistemaker C. Adequacy of a vegetarian diet at old age (Dutch Nutrition Surveillance System). J Am Coll Nutr 1990;9:292-302. MEDLINE
Campbell WW, Evans WJ. Protein requirements of elderly people. Eur J Clin Nutr 1996;50(suppl):S180-S183. MEDLINE
American Dietetic Association. Nutrition, aging, and the continuum of care—Position of ADA. J Am Diet Assoc 2000;100:580-595. MEDLINE
Larson DE. Vegetarian athletes. In: Rosenbloom CA, ed. Sports Nutrition. A Guide for the Professional Working with Active People, 3rd ed. Chicago, IL: American Dietetic Association, Sports, Cardiovascular, and Wellness Dietetic Practice Group; 2000:405-425.
Kaiserauer S, Snyder AC, Sleeper M, Zierath J. Nutritional, physiological, and menstrual status of distance runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1989;21:120-125. MEDLINE
Slavin J, Lutter J, Cushman S. Amenorrhea in vegetarian athletes. Lancet 1984;1:1974-1975.
Key T, Davey G. Prevalence of obesity is low in people who do not eat meat (letter). Br Med J 1996;313:816-817.
Key TJ, Fraser GE, Thorogood M, Appleby PN, Beral V, Reeves G, Burr ML, Chang-Claude J, Frentzel-Beyme R, Kuzma JW, Mann J, McPherson K. Mortality in vegetarians and nonvegetarians: Detailed findings from a collaborative analysis of 5 prospective studies. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:516S-524S. MEDLINE
Phillips RL, Lemon FR, Beeson L, Kuzma JW. Coronary heart disease mortality among Seventh-Day Adventists with differing dietary habits: A preliminary report. Am J Clin Nutr 1978;31:S191-S198. MEDLINE
Resnicow K, Barone J, Engle A, Miller S, Haley NJ, Fleming D, Wynder E. Diet and serum lipids in vegan vegetarians: A model for risk reduction. J Am Diet Assoc 1991;91:447-453. MEDLINE
Sacks FM, Castelli WP, Donner A, Kass EH. Plasma lipids and lipoproteins in vegetarians and controls. N Engl J Med 1975;292:1148-1151. MEDLINE
Thorogood M, McPherson K, Mann J. Relationship of body mass index, weight, and height to plasma lipid levels in people with different diets in Britain. Community Med 1989;11:230-233. MEDLINE
Mosca L, Grundy SM, Judelson D, King K, Limacher M, Oparil S, Pasternak R, Pearson TA, Redberg RF, Smith SC, Winston M, Zinberg S. AHA/ACC Scientific Statement: Consensus Panel Statement: Guide to Preventive Cardiology for Women. Circulation 1999;99:2480-2484. MEDLINE
Brown L, Rosner B, Willett WW, Sacks FM. Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary fiber: A meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:30-42. MEDLINE
Smit E, Nieto FJ, Crespo CJ. Blood cholesterol and apolipoprotein B levels in relation to intakes of animal and plant proteins in US adults. Br J Nutr 1999;82:193-201. MEDLINE
Anderson JW, Johnstone BM, Cook-Newell ME. Meta-analysis of the effects of soy protein intake on serum lipids. N Engl J Med 1995;333:276-282. MEDLINE
Wiseman H, O'Reilly JD, Adlercreutz H, Mallet AI, Bowey EA, Rowland IR, Sanders TA. Isoflavone phytoestrogens consumed in soy decrease F(2)-isoprostane concentrations and increase resistance of low-density lipoprotein to oxidation in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:395-400. MEDLINE
Simons PC, Algra A, Bots ML, Grobbee DE, van der Graaf Y. Common carotid intima-media thickness and arterial stiffness: Indicators of cardiovascular risk in high-risk patients. The SMART Study (Secondary Manifestations of ARTerial disease). Circulation 1999;100:951-957. MEDLINE
Dubey RK, Gillespie DG, Imthurn B, Rosselli M, Jackson EK, Keller PJ. Phytoestrogens inhibit growth and MAP kinase activity in human aortic smooth muscle cells. Hypertension 1999;33:177-182. MEDLINE
Chan MM, Ho CT, Huang HI. Effects of three dietary phytochemicals from tea, rosemary, and turmeric on inflammation-induced nitrite production. Cancer Lett 1995;96:23-29. MEDLINE
Lin CL, Fang TC, Gueng MK. Vascular dilatory functions of ovo-lactovegetarians compared with omnivores. Atherosclerosis 2001;158:247-251. MEDLINE
Mann NJ, Li D, Sinclair AJ, Dudman NP, Guo XW, Elsworth GR, Wilson AK, Kelly FD. The effect of diet on plasma homocysteine concentrations in healthy male subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999;53:895-899. MEDLINE
Krajcovicova-Kudlackova M, Blazicek P, Kopcova J, Bederova A, Babinska K. Homocysteine levels in vegetarians versus omnivores. Ann Nutr Metab 2000;44:135-138. MEDLINE
Hung CJ, Huang PC, Lu SC, Li YH, Huang HB, Lin BF, Chang SJ, Chou HF. Plasma homocysteine levels in Taiwanese vegetarians are higher than those of omnivores. J Nutr 2002;132:152-158. MEDLINE
Bissoli L, DiFrancesco V, Ballarin A, Mandragona R, Trespidi R, Brocco G, Caruso B, Bosello O, Zamboni M. Effect of vegetarian diet on homocysteine levels. Ann Nutr Metab 2002;46:73-79. MEDLINE
Houghton LA, Green TJ, Donovan UM, Gibson RS, Stephen AM, O'Connor DL. Association between dietary fiber intake and the folate status of a group of female adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;66:1414-1421. MEDLINE
Mezzano D, Kosiel K, Martinez C, Cuevas A, Panes O, Aranda E, Strobel P, Perez DD, Pereira J, Rozowski J, Leighton F. Cardiovascular risk factors in vegetarians. Normalization of hyperhomocysteinemia with vitamin B(12) and reduction of platelet aggregation with n-3 fatty acids. Thromb Res 2000;100:153-160. MEDLINE
Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group. Five-year findings of the hypertension detection and follow-up program. I. Reduction in mortality of person with high blood pressure, including mild hypertension. J Am Med Assoc 1979;242:2562-2571.
Ophir O, Peer G, Gilad J, Blum M, Aviram A. Low blood pressure in vegetarians: The possible roles of potassium. Am J Clin Nutr 1983;37:755-762. MEDLINE
Melby CL, Hyner GC, Zoog B. Blood pressure in vegetarians and non-vegetarians: A cross-sectional analysis. Nutr Res 1985;5:1077-1082.
Sciarrone SE, Strahan MT, Beilin LJ, Burke V, Rogers P, Rouse IL. Biochemical and neurohormonal responses to the introduction of a lacto-ovovegetarian diet. J Hypertens 1993;11:849-860. MEDLINE
Rouse IL, Beilin LJ, Mahoney DP, Margetts BM, Armstrong BK, Record SJ, Vandongen R, Barden A. Nutrient intake, blood pressure, serum and urinary prostaglandins and serum thromboxane B2 in a controlled trial with a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet. J Hypertens 1986;4:241-250. MEDLINE
Rouse IL, Armstrong BK, Beilin LJ. The relationship of blood pressure to diet and lifestyle in two religious populations. J Hypertens 1983;1:65-71. MEDLINE
Prescott SL, Jenner DA, Beilin LJ, Margetts BM, Vandongen R. A randomized controlled trial of the effect on blood pressure of dietary non-meat protein versus meat protein in normotensive omnivores. Clin Sci 1988;74:665-672. MEDLINE
Brussard JH, Van Raaij JM, Stasse-Wolthuis M, Katan MB, Hautvast JG. Blood pressure and diet in normotensive volunteers: Absence of an effect of dietary fiber, protein, or fat. Am J Clin Nutr 1981;34:2023-2029. MEDLINE
Sacks FM, Rouse IL, Stampfer MJ, Bishop LM, Lenherr CF, Walther RJ. Effect of dietary fats and carbohydrate on blood pressure of mildly hypertensive patients. Hypertension 1987;10:452-460. MEDLINE
Margetts BM, Beilin LJ, Vandongen R, Armstrong BK. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of dietary fiber on blood pressure. Clin Sci 1987;72:343-350. MEDLINE
Rouse IL, Beilin LJ, Armstrong BK, Vandongen R. Blood pressure lowering effect of a vegetarian diet: Controlled trial in normotensive subjects. Lancet 1983;1:5-10. MEDLINE
Landsberg L, Young JB. The role of the sympathetic nervous system and catecholamines in the regulation of energy metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr 1983;38:1018-1024. MEDLINE
Sacks FM, Kass EH. Low blood pressure in vegetarians: Effects of specific foods and nutrients. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;48:795-800. MEDLINE
American Diabetes Association Position Statement: Evidence-based nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related complications. J Am Diet Assoc 2002;102:109-118. MEDLINE
Snowdon DA, Phillips RL. Does a vegetarian diet reduce the occurrence of diabetes? Am J Public Health 1985;75:507-512. MEDLINE
Lipkin M, Uehara K, Winawer S, Sanchez A, Bauer C, Phillips R, Lynch HT, Blattner WA, Fraumeni JF Jr. Seventh-day Adventist vegetarians have a quiescent proliferative activity in colonic mucosa. Cancer Lett 1985;26:139-144. MEDLINE
Allen NE, Appleby PN, Davey GK, Key TJ. Hormones and diet: Low insulin-like growth factor-I but normal bioavailable androgens in vegan men. Br J Cancer 2000;83:95-97. MEDLINE
Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Wolk A, Ascherio A, Stampher MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Calcium and fructose intake in relation to risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Res 1998;58:442-447. MEDLINE
Chan JM, Giovannucci E, Andersson SO, Yuen J, Adami HO, Wolk A. Dairy products, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, and risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Causes Control 1998;9:559-566. MEDLINE
Chan JM, Stampfer MJ, Ma J, Gann PH, Garziano JM, Giovannucci EL. Dairy products, calcium, and prostate cancer risk in the Physician's Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:549-554. MEDLINE
Tavani A, Gallus S, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C. Calcium, dairy products, and the risk of prostate cancer. Prostate 2001;48:118-121. MEDLINE
Missmer SA, Smith-Warner SA, Spiegelman D, Yaun SS, Adami HO, Beeson WL, van der Brandt PA, Fraser GE, Frendenheim JL, Goldbohm RA, Graham S, Kushi LH, Miller AB, Potter JD, Rohan TE, Speizer FE, Toniolo P, Willet WC, Wolk A, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Hunter DJ. Meat and dairy food consumption and breast cancer: a pooled analysis of cohort studies. Int J Epidemiol 2002;31:78-85. MEDLINE
Butrum RR, Clifford CK, Lanza E. National Cancer Institute dietary guidelines: rationale. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;48:888-895. MEDLINE
Barbosa JC, Shultz TD, Filley SJ, Nieman DC. The relationship among adiposity, diet, and hormone concentrations in vegetarian and nonvegetarian postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;51:798-803. MEDLINE
Howe GR, Benito E, Castellato R, Cornee J, Esteve J, Gallagher RP, Iscovich JM, Deng-ao J, Kaaks R, Kune GA. Dietary intake of fiber and decreased risk of cancers of the colon and rectum:evidence from the combined analysis of 13 case-control studies. J Nat Canc Inst 1992;84:1887-1896.
Alberts DS, Martinez ME, Roe DJ, Guillen-Rodriguez JM, Marshall JR, van Leeuwen JB, Reid ME, Ritenbaugh C, Vargas PA, Bhattacharyya AB, Earnest DL, Sampliner RE. Lack of effect of a high-fiber cereal supplement on the recurrence of colorectal adenomas. Phoenix Colon Cancer Prevention Physicians' Network. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1156-1162. MEDLINE
van Faassen A, Hazen JM, van den Brandt PA, van den Bogaard AE, Hermus RJ, Janknegt RA. Bile acids and pH values in total feces and in fecal water from habitually omnivorous and vegetarian subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1993;58:917-922. MEDLINE
Finegold SM, Sutter VL, Sugihara PT, Elder HA, Lehmann SM, Phillips RL. Fecal microbial flora in Seventh Day Adventist populations and control subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1977;30:1781-1792. MEDLINE
Davies GJ, Crowder M, Reid B, Dickerson JW. Bowel function measurements of individuals with different eating patterns. Gut 1986;27:164-169. MEDLINE
Nader CJ, Potter JD, Weller RA. Diet and DNA-modifying activity in human fecal extracts. Nutr Rep Int 1981;23:113-117.
Sesink AL, Termont DS, Kleibeuker JH, van der Meer R. Red meat and colon cancer: The cytotoxic and hyperproliferative effects of dietary heme. Cancer Res 1999;59:5704-5709. MEDLINE
Griffiths K. Estrogens and prostatic disease. International Prostate Health Council Study Group. Prostate 2000;45:87-100. MEDLINE
Messina MJ, Loprinzi CL. Soy for breast cancer survivors: A critical review of the literature. J Nutr 2001;131:3095S-3108S. MEDLINE
Linkswiler HM, Zemel MB, Hegsted M, Schuette S. Protein induced hypercalciuria. Fed Proc 1981;40:2429-2433. MEDLINE
Kerstetter JE, Allen LH. Dietary protein increases urinary calcium. J Nutr 1990;120:134-136. MEDLINE
Itoh R, Nishiyama N, Suyama Y. Dietary protein intake and urinary excretion of calcium: A cross-sectional study in a healthy Japanese population. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;67:438-444. MEDLINE
Kunkel ME, Beauchene RE. Protein intake and urinary excretion of protein-derived metabolites in aging female vegetarians and nonvegetarians. J Am Coll Nutr 1991;10:308-314. MEDLINE
Sellmeyer DE, Stone KL, Sebastian A, Cummings SR. A high ratio of dietary animal to vegetable protein increases the rate of bone loss and the risk of fracture in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;73:118-122. MEDLINE
Kerstetter JE, Svastisalee CM, Caseria DM, Mitnick ME, Insogna KL. A threshold for low-protein diet-induced elevations in parathyroid hormone. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:168-173. MEDLINE
Marsh AG, Sanchez TV, Michelsen O, Chaffee FL, Fagal SM. Vegetarian lifestyle and bone mineral density. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;48:837-841. MEDLINE
Chiu JF, Lan SJ, Yang CY, Wang PW, Yao WJ, Su LH, Hsieh CC. Long term vegetarian diet and bone mineral density in postmenopausal Taiwanese women. Calcif Tissue Int 1997;60:245-249. MEDLINE
Hu JF, Zhao XH, Jia JB, Parpia B, Campbell TC. Dietary calcium and bone density among middle aged and elderly women in China. Am J Clin Nutr 1993;58:219-227. MEDLINE
Outila TA, Karkkainen MU, Seppanen RH, Lamberg-Allardt CJ. Dietary intake of vitamin D in premenopausal, healthy vegans was insufficient to maintain concentrations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and intact parathyroid hormone within normal ranges during the winter in Finland. J Am Diet Assoc 2000;100:434-441. MEDLINE
Outila TA, Lamberg-Allardt CJ. Ergocalciferol supplementation may positively affect lumbar spine bone mineral density of vegans (letter). J Am Diet Assoc 2000;100:629. MEDLINE
Lamberg-Allardt C, Karkkainen M, Seppanen R, Bistrom H. Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and secondary hyperparathyroidism in middle-aged white strict vegetarians. Am J Clin Nutr 1993;58:684-689. MEDLINE
Arjmandi BH, Smith BJ. Soy isoflavones' osteoprotective role in postmenopausal women: Mechanism of action. J Nutr Biochem 2002;13:130-137. MEDLINE
Bosch JP, Saccaggi A, Lauer A, Ronco C, Belledonne M, Glabman S. Renal functional reserve in humans. Effect of protein intake on glomerular filtration rate. Am J Med 1983;75:943-950. MEDLINE
Wiseman MJ, Hunt R, Goodwin A, Gross JL, Keen H, Viberti GC. Dietary composition and renal function in healthy subjects. Nephron 1987;46:37-42. MEDLINE
Kontessis P, Jones S, Dodds R, Trevisan R, Nosadini R, Fioretto P, Borsato M, Sacerdoti D, Viberti G. Renal, metabolic and hormonal responses to ingestion of animal and vegetable proteins. Kidney Int 1990;38:136-144. MEDLINE
Kontessis PA, Bossinakou I, Sarika L, Iliopoulou E, Papantoniou A, Trevisan R, Roussi D, Stipsanelli K, Grigorakis S, Souvatzoglou A. Renal, metabolic, and hormonal responses to proteins of different origin in normotensive, nonproteinuric type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1995;18:1233. MEDLINE
Geim P, Beeson WL, Fraser GE. The incidence of dementia and intake of animal products: Preliminary findings from the Adventist Health Study. Neuroepidemiology 1993;12:28-36. MEDLINE
Riedel WJ, Jorissen BL. Nutrients, age and cognitive function. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 1998;1:579-585. MEDLINE
Olson DA. Association of vitamin E and C supplement use with cognitive function and dementia in elderly men. Neurology 2000;55:901-902. MEDLINE
Ross GW, Petrovitch H, White LR, Masaki KH, Li CY, Curb JD, Yano K, Rodriguez BL, Foley DJ, Blanchette PL, Havlik R. Characterization of risk factors for vascular dementia: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Neurology 1999;53:337-343. MEDLINE
Wolozin B, Kellman W, Ruosseau P, Celesia GG, Siegel G. Decreased prevalence of Alzheimer's Disease associated with 3-hydrozy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors. Arch Neurol 2000;57:1439-1443. MEDLINE
Snowdon DA, Tully CL, Smith CD, Riley KP, Markesbery WR. Serum folate and the severity of atrophy of the neocortex in Alzheimer's disease: Findings from the Nun Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:993-998. MEDLINE
Nourhashemi F, Gillette-Guyonnet S, Andrieu S, Ghisolfi A, Ousset PJ, Grandjean H, Grand A, Pous J, Vellas B, Albarede JL. Alzheimer's Disease: Protective factors. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:643S-649S. MEDLINE
Nilsson K, Gustafson L, Hultberg B. The plasma homocysteine concentration is better than that of serum methylmalonic acid as a marker for sociopsychological performance in a psychogeriatric population. Clin Chem 2000;46:691-696. MEDLINE
Delport R. Hyperhomocyst(e)inemia: Related vitamins and dementias. J Nutr Health Aging 2000;4:195-196. MEDLINE
White LR, Petrovitch H, Ross GW, Masaki K, Hardman J, Nelson J, Davis D, Markesbery W. Brain aging and midlife tofu consumption. J Am Coll Nutr 2000;19:242-255. MEDLINE
Rice MM, Graves AB, McCurry SM, Gibbons L, Bowen J, McCormick W, Larson EB. Tofu consumption and cognition in older Japanese American men and women. J Nutr 2000;130(suppl 3):676S.
Gear JS, Ware A, Fursdon P, Mann JI, Nolan DJ, Broadribb AJ, Vessey MP. Symptomless diverticular disease and intake of dietary fibre. Lancet 1979;1:511-514. MEDLINE
Aldoori WH, Giovannucci EL, Rimm EB, Wing AL, Trichopoulos DV, Willett WC, A prospective study of diet and the risk of symptomatic diverticular disease in men. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;60:757-764. MEDLINE
Heaton KW. Diet and diverticulosis: New leads (editorial). Gut 1985;26:541-543. MEDLINE
Pixley F, Wilson D, McPherson K, Mann J. Effect of vegetarianism on development of gall stones in women. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985:291:11-12. MEDLINE
Kjeldsen-Kragh J. Rheumatoid arthritis treated with vegetarian diets. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:594S-600S. MEDLINE
Muller H, de Toledo FW, Resch KL. Fasting followed by vegetarian diet in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review. Scand J Rheumatol 2001;30:1-10. MEDLINE
Donaldson MS, Speight N, Loomis S. Fibromyalgia syndrome improved using a mostly raw vegetarian diet: An Observational study. BMC Complement Altern Med 2001;1:7. MEDLINE
Tanaka T, Kouda K, Kotani M, Takeuchi A, Tabei T, Masamoto Y, Nakamura H, Takigawa M, Suemura M, Takeuchi H, Kouda M. Vegetarian diet ameliorates symptoms of atopic dermatitis through reduction of the number of peripheral eosinophisl and of PGE2 synthesis by monocytes. J Physiol Anthropol Appl Human Sci 2001;20:353-361. MEDLINE
Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (1-1-02 edition). Federal Register, Code of Federal Regulations, 7CFR, Part 246; 2002.
Canada Prenatal Nutrition Program. Projects directory online. Available at: www.ssjs.hc-sc.gc.ca/cpnp. Accessed February 10, 2003.
Modification of the “Vegetable Protein Products” requirements for the National School Lunch Program, School Breakfast Program, Summer Food Service Program and Child And Adult Care Food Program. (7 CFR 210, 215, 220, 225, 226) Federal Register. March 9, 2000;65:12429-12442.
US Department of Agriculture. Menu planning in the National School Lunch Program. Available at: http://www.fns.usda.gov/cnd/MenuPlanning/menu.planning.approaches.for.lunches.doc. Accessed February 10, 2003.
US Department of Agriculture. A Toolkit for Healthy School Meals: Recipes and Training Materials. Available at: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/schoolmeals/Training/train.html. Accessed February 10, 2003.
Canadian Living Foundation. Breakfast for learning. Available at: http://www.breakfastforlearning.ca/. Accessed February 10, 2003.
Administration on Aging. The Elderly Nutrition Program. Available at: http://www.aoa.gov/factsheets/enp.html. Accessed February 10, 2003.
The Vegetarian Resource Group. 4-week Vegetarian Menu Set for Meals on Wheels Sites. Available at: http://www.vrg.org/fsupdate/fsu974/fsu974menu.htm. Accessed February 10, 2003.
Havala S, Abate T. The National Meals on Wheels Foundation Vegetarian Initiative: A unique collaboration. J Nutr Elderly 1997;17:45-50.
Docket T-1487-99, September 29, 2000 and January 21, 2002, between Jack Maurice and Attorney General of Canada, Federal Court of Canada Trial Division.
Ogden A, Rebein P. Do Prison Inmates Have a Right to Vegetarian Meals? Vegetarian Journal Mar/Apr 2001. Available at: http://www.vrg.org/journal/vj2001mar/2001marprison.htm. Accessed February 10, 2003.
US Department of Defense. DOD Combat Feeding Program. Available at: http://www.sbccom.army.mil/programs/food/. Accessed February 10, 2003.
Department of National Defence. Food Services Direction & Guidance Manual, Chapter 2. Ottawa, ON, Canada; 2003.
Canadian Forces Food Services. Maple Leaf. 2000; Volume 3, Issue 39, page 14-15 and Issue 37, pages 14-15. Available at: www.forces.gc.ca/site/community/mapleleaf/html_files/html_view_e.asp. Accessed February 10, 2003.

ADA Position adopted by the House of Delegates on October 18, 1987, and reaffirmed on September 12, 1992, September 6, 1996 and June 22, 2000. This position was developed collaboratively between the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada. This position will be in effect until December 31, 2007. ADA authorizes republication of the position statement/support paper, in its entirety, provided full and proper credit is given. Requests to use portions of the position must be directed to ADA Headquarters at 800/877-1600, ext 4835, or ppapers@eatright.org

La Posizione dell'ADA è stata adottata dalla House of Delegates il 18 ottobre 1987, e riconfermata il 12 settembre 1992, il 6 settembre 1996, ed il 22 giugno 2000. Questa Posizione è il risultato della collaborazione tra l'American Dietetic Association ed i Dietitians of Canada. Questo testo sarà valido fino al 31 dicembre 2007. L'ADA autorizza la riproduzione di questo documento nella sua integrità, purché le sia riconosciuto pieno ed esclusivo credito. Richieste di utilizzo di parte di questo documento devono essere indirizzate a ADA Headquarters at 800/877-1600, ext 4835, o ppapers@eatright.org.

Si riconosce il contributo delle seguenti persone:

AUTORI:

Ann Reed Mangels, PhD, RD, FADA (The Vegetarian Resource Group, Baltimore, MD);
Virginia Messina, MPH, RD (Nutrition Matters, Inc., Port Townsend, WA);
Vesanto Melina, MS, RD (NUTRISPEAK.COM, Langley, BC, Canada).

Revisori dell'American Dietetic Association:

Judith G. Dausch, PhD, RD (American Dietetic Association Government Relations, Washington, DC);
Sharon Denny, MS, RD (American Dietetic Association Knowledge Center, Chicago, IL);
Elaine K. Fleming, MPH, RD (Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA);
Food and Culinary Professionals DPG (Robin Kline, MS, RD, CCP, Savvy Food Communications, Des Moines, IA; Sylvia E. Klinger, MS, RD, Hispanic Food Communications, La Grange, IL);
D. Enette Larson-Meyer, PhD, RD (Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA);
Nutrition in Complementary Care DPG (Dennis Gordon, MEd, RD, Saint Joseph Mercy Health System, Ann Arbor, MI; Rita Batheja, MS, RD, Private Practice, Long Island, NY);
Pediatric Nutrition DPG (Maria Hanna, MS, RD, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Cristine M. Trahms, MS, RD, FADA, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Tamara Schryver, MS, RD, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN);
Sports, Cardiovascular, and Wellness Nutritionist DPG (Gita B. Patel, MS, RD, Alice Peck Day Memorial Hospital, Lebanon, NH; Pamela J. Edwards, MS, RD, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE);
Vegetarian Nutrition DPG (Winston J. Craig, PhD, RD, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI; Catherine Conway, MS, RD, Private Practice, New York, NY);
Women and Reproductive Nutrition DPG (Judith B. Roepke, PhD, RD, Ball State University, Muncie, IN).

Revisori dei Dietitians of Canada:

Karen Birkenhead, RD, (Group Health Centre, Sault Ste Marie, ON);
Samara Felesky Hunt (Consulting Dietitian, Calgary AB);
Susie Langley MS, RD (Nutrition Consultant in Private Practice, Toronto, ON);
Pam Lynch, MHE, RD (Nutrition Counselling Services, Halifax, NS);
Shefali Raja (Vancouver Coastal Health Authority, Vancouver BC);
Marilyn Rabin PDt (Douglas Hospital, Verdun, PQ);
Laura Toews, RD (St. Boniface General Hospital, Winnipeg, MB).

Membri dell'Association Positions Committee Workgroup:

Barbara Emison Gaffield, MS, RD (chair), Barbara Baron, MS, RD; Suzanne Havala Hobbs, DrPH, RD, FADA (content advisor).

The English version of "ADA Reports-Position of American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: Vegetarian Diets" is copyrighted by the American Dietetic Association. We are indebted to the American Dietetic Association which authorized the Italian translation of this Position Statement and its publication.

La versione inglese di questo articolo è di proprietà dell'American Dietetic Association. Si ringrazia l'American Dietetic Association, che ha autorizzato la traduzione di questo articolo e la sua pubblicazione.

Stampa la pagina

Consiglia questa pagina

Torna su

Chi siamo | Metodo Fiorella Rustici | Metodo Ecologia dell' Organismo | Contatti | Come associarsi

Visibilità Siti Web by Onbitway.com - Siti Web by Web2emotions.com

Coscienza e Salute - Via Desenzano 8, 20146 MILANO (MI) - Tel. 02/48712963 - Fax 178 228 1039 (senza prefisso) - CF 97245570151 - P. IVA 05220720964